The Trail of Tears the most regretted event for Americans - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1664 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Trail Of Tears Essay Did you like this example? Ever since Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean and landed in the Bahamas in 1492, Europeans have taken over Indian land. They continuously intruded, destroyed and stole from the Indians. It was obvious that eventually, a conflict would arise from these doings. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Trail of Tears the most regretted event for Americans" essay for you Create order After a long time of tension and rebellions against the colonists, the proclamation line of 1763 banned the settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains, forcing American and European colonists to keep their distance from the Indians. Sadly, for the Cherokee Indians, more genocide, destruction, and intrusion on the land was yet to come. The Trail of Tears or The Indian Removal Act, was put into place by the Congress and was signed by the President, Andrew Jackson on May 28th, 1830. It must be assumed that the Native Americans were never really human in the eyes of the American people; they were just constantly in the way and always someone to win a battle against if need be. In 1823, the decision in Johnson v. McIntosh proclaimed that the Indians were not owners of their land and that they only had the right to occupy the land. However, the Cherokees were already expecting this. The evidence in the Supreme Court case, heard by Chief Justice John Marshall, was all negative towards the Indians. Marshall said that before European colonization Native Americans were nomads, not permanent farmers. To say that the Indians had no real connection to the land they occupied was extremely inaccurate ethically and historically. Unfortunately for the Indians, the Discovery Doctrine came into the Supreme Court case, stating that Indians do not own land. This viewpoint dealt them a massive blow to their court trial, making it almost impossible for them to win. During the duration of the court trial, the Indians made many attempts to appeal the ruling of the Supreme Court, but one splinter of the Cherokee tribe agreed to give up their lands. In response to this, John Ross, the principal chief elected by the Cherokee nation, enacted a passive resistance movement. Ross was greeted by the federal soldiers that were present to vigorously remove the natives from their lands. Andrew Jacksons successor, President Martin Van Buren, ordered these federal soldiers to remove the Indians. This army captured over 18,000 men, women and children bringing them west, where they would be forced to live. The federal government tried negotiating a treaty with Chief John Ross, but during this process, the Treaty Party laid a deal upon John Ridge they knew he wouldnt accept. Ross was afraid of getting beat by the Treaty Party, so he told Jackson that the Cherokees would surrender their land for $20 million. Knowing that the federal government would never pay that much for the land, Ross just avoided the issue. Ross recommended that the Senate come up with an offer themselves since Jackson rejected him. When the Senate named the price as $5 million, Ross took this offer immediately. Ross knew the land that the government wanted was far more expensive than the Cherokees had asked for. Moreover, the government of the United States arranged the incredibly fraudulent Treaty of New Echota with the Treaty Party. This superficial Treaty Party was led by a Cherokee tribe leader named Major Ridge. He had told the government that he represented the Cherokee nation, but he only spoke for a small group of them. The Treaty of New Echota stated that the Cherokee Indians would give up their land in northern Georgia to the federal government, for five million dollars in compensation. This sent Chief John Ross into a rage. He was furious and tried to reason with the Senate that the Treaty Party did not represent the Cherokees at all. The Senate ignored Ross, and the Party was ratified by a single vote, starting the aggressive removal of indigenous people from Georgia. The Cherokee Indians were forced into the boats to travel from their homes in Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina to Oklahoma where they eventually awaited their destiny. On their long journey, tribes were forced into small forts where they had to make do with limited resources. The Indians were given little food, sometimes having to share between numerous people. On the trail, battles of hunger and disease were present. Due to thousands of Native Americans being forced from their homes to move west with little food or water, it was no surprise that a large amount of people were infected with typhus and smallpox. Sanitation was not something that was taken seriously, so those pathogens spread like wildfire. It was almost impossible to forage for food when the Native Americans were only taken through trails that would hinder their search in the wilderness for berries or fruits. The Cherokee and other tribes were confined to large groups, with very little space. Later, chie f John Ross urged General Winfield Scott to split up these large groups and allow the people to wander off the path and into areas where scavenging was feasible. Thankfully for John Ross, he was able to save some of his people, and cut down the mortality rate for a short period. As the Cherokee Indians and many other tribes advanced along the trail, winter came. The winter of 1838 through 1839 was one of the most brutal winters the people had ever seen. The materials given to the Indians were insufficient. The water was hard to come by and their clothing was limited. The winter of 1838, is when the Cherokee Indians began their thousand-mile journey. After arriving at their designated city by boat, they were forced to travel by foot on the long, treacherous journey; some without shoes or moccasins. This migration began in the last Eastern capital of the Cherokee Nation Red Clay, Tennessee. As soon as the long and tiring journey began, many complications arose. Disease infected almost everyone forcing the tribes to travel longer distances to avoid any cities. Finally, after crossing the Tennessee and Kentucky rivers, they arrived at the Ohio River. There, the hunger-plagued Indians were charged a dollar a head to cross the river. Native Americans were very unwelcome at this time. They were charged twelve cents at Berrys Ferry, to cross the river after all the other customers had been helped across the river. The Cherokee and other natives who were not murdered by locals were forced to take refuge under Mantle Rock, where many would wait until their death, just to cross the river. The Cherokees then filed a lawsuit against the United States, alleging that they were forced to pay thirty-five dollars a person just to bury their relatives. Eliza Whitmire was a five-year old girl who was forced to travel with her parents on the trail during the time. She recalls only children, elderly, or the injured Indians being able to ride on the wagons that carried bedding, while all other would walk alongside the wagon. The expedition was made during the cold winter, when many Indians who were unprepared, were subjected to snow and sleet. Unfortunately, this caused many to die from frostbite or other related illnesses. Whitmire also said that those who experience the forced removal, or had parents who experienced it, would never forgot. By December of 1838, Chief John Ross was leading the last group of natives to Oklahoma the way he believed was best. This group was perhaps the most important, because they held all the important documents, records, and laws of the Cherokee nation. It took almost three months to cross sixty miles on land between the Ohio and Illinois river, due to them getting trapped east of the Mississippi river. After recovering many casualties, the trail through southern Illinois is where the Cherokee nation suffered most. Many Indians were also lost in this area. Their journey took longer than expected because the Cherokee were very weary of water travel, and they would not travel very fast in places they were not comfortable. The Cherokee Indians eventually arrived at their relocated destination in Oklahoma. Their forced relocation caused them to not trust the federal government, forever making them feel alienated from the rest of the country- a country where they once peacefully lived. The duration of the Trail of Tears produced a large amount of turmoil, which eventually led to the assassination of Major Ridge and John Ridge. This justifies that the Native Americans were not accepted in the place they lived in. The Cherokees who lived in single homes instead of with the rest of their tribe however, were an exception. The federal government thought these select Cherokees were less daring, and less of a nuisance than those who lived in the larger groups. In particular, a small group of about 400 Cherokees lived in North Carolina, in the Great Smoky mountains which were owned by a white man named William Holland Thomas. As a young boy, Thomas was adopted by the Cherokee Indians. This was superb for the Indians who lived on his land since they were not subjected to the removal or the same amount of disrespect the rest of the Cherokees were forced to go through. According to many first-hand accounts and history textbooks, the Trail of Tears was one of the most regretted events in American history. In 1987, the United States Congress designated the Trail of Tears Historic Trail, in an attempt to correct their wrong doings. This trail stretched over 2,000 miles, and nine states. As of today, the Cherokee Indians are the largest Native American tribe. It is incredibly significant and important to emphasize how much improvement they have experienced over the years. Knowing the facts read in the previous pages, the Cherokee Indians and other Native American tribes were not supposed to thrive again, even IF they made it past this treacherous trail. Over 4,000 Cherokees died from many different reasons but they all had a huge impact in the lives of the Indians. The Cherokee Indians called this journey the Trail of Tears in order to sum up the pain and suffering caused by this traumatic event.

Causes of Climate Change. Is It Nature of Negligence Free Essays

BRETT LUCAS TRINITY COLLEGE L6 SCIENCE GEOGRAPHY CLIMATE CHANGE: NATURE OR NEGLIGENCE The climate of our world is changing, but why? There is a great debate going on in the scientific community on whether our current climate change crisis is a natural occurrence over millions of years – as what has happened on the planet of Mars – or this natural process is being accelerated by man’s negligence. But first we must establish what is climate change? Climate Change is a long-term shift in the statistics of weather (taken from weather. gov October 2007 article on Climate Change). We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Climate Change. Is It Nature of Negligence? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout our planets long history our climate has changed between hot and cold in each time period from the Precambrian period to today. The Earth’s climate has always been considered dynamic with changes occurring through a natural cycle. What we are all concerned about here on earth is whether the changes that have happened today have been accelerated because of man’s living trends. Scientists from classrooms to NASA specialists study climate change, and evidence such as tree rings, pollen samples, ice cores and sea sediments provide vital information. Scientists have all agreed that causes of climatic change are of two types – those that are due to natural causes and those that are created by the main inhibitors of earth, Man. Natural Causes Continental Drift This has been happening on our planet from the beginning of time, which is caused by the continuous movement of our tectonic plates. The proof of our theory is that the western side of Africa and the eastern side of South America seems to be able to fit like a jigsaw puzzle and they have similar fossils. In the past all of the continents formed a massive super continent called Pangaea. When the continent separated it caused great changes to the earth’s ocean current pattern, therefore causing a the fresh and salt water cycle to be off balance thus affecting our planet’s climate. Volcanoes During volcanic eruptions large volumes of greenhouse gases (sulphur dioxide (SO2), water vapour, dust, and ash) are dispersed into the earth’s atmosphere. These gases trap heat from exiting the atmosphere after the earth has absorbed what it can from the Sun. For example, in April 1991 Mount Pintoba in the Philippines erupted emitting tonnes of gases into the atmosphere. The volcano in its eruption destroys natural life on the land surface with its lava. When the volcano is an undersea volcano it can displace great amounts of water during an eruption especially when the undersea volcano creates an island, which can further affect the ocean currents. The Earth’s Tilt The earth, which is tilted at an angle of 23. 5Â ° to the perpendicular plane of its orbital path, makes a full orbit around the sun in one year. For half of the year the northern hemisphere is tilted towards sun, which is summer for the North Pole (6 months of daylight). In the other half the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun therefore the North Pole will have winter (6 months of darkness). If there was no tilt, there wouldn’t have been any seasons. If the tilt was more the summers and winters would have been intensified whilst if the tilt was less, the summers would have been cooler and the winters would have been warmer. Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect occurs when heat energy from the sun enters the earth’s atmosphere and most is being absorbed by the earth. The reflected heat energy rays is sent back into the atmosphere but most is then stopped by the greenhouse gases (such as water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons) which keep most of the reflected heat energy from escaping and reflecting it back down to earth with more heat energy from the sun. With this continuous action the earth’s surface temperature will rise. Ocean Currents The world’s oceans are major components in the climate system. They cover approximately 71% of the earth and absorb about twice as much of the sun’s radiation as the atmosphere or the land surface. The ocean current moves heat around the earth (which is about same as the atmosphere). Winds push horizontally against the sea surface and drive ocean current patterns. Ocean currents influence certain parts of the world more than others. For example the Humboldt Current that flows along the coastline of Peru directly affects the coast off of Peru and other adjoining regions. The El Nino in the Pacific Ocean affects the climatic conditions all over the world due to the ocean currents. Ocean currents can affect places that share the same latitude in Europe and North America. Any of these phenomena can have an impact on the climate, as is believed to have happened at the end of the last Ice – Age, about 14000 years ago. Human Causes Use of Oil, Coal and Natural Gas With the dawn of the Industrial Revolution in the 19th Century, we saw the large-scale use of fossil fuels (such as Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal) for industrial activities (factories, electricity). These activities created jobs and over the years people moved from rural areas to cities. In the present day we use these fossil fuels on a much larger scale to power almost every thing, which in turn let out millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide each day increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which creates more heat coming down to the earth, melting our polar ice capes and raising sea levels. Further heated seas will increase the number and intensity of hurricanes and other climatic natural disasters around the world (for example hurricane Ivan which hit the country of Grenada in 2004). How we all contribute Every Day All of us in our daily routines contribute our bit to this change in climate. For example: * Electricity is the main source of power in urban areas. All our gadgets run on electricity generated mainly from thermal power plants. These power plants run on fossil fuels. * Cars, buses, trains, aircraft and trucks are the most common ways of transportation for goods and people in and out of cities. These means of transport need to be powered to move therefore its usually powered by petrol or diesel. Large quantities of waste are generated in the form of plastics that remain in the environment for many years and cause damage. * Many trees are destroyed to facilitate the high demand for paper, which is being used in our work at school and offices. Trees are also destroyed for timber. With the continuous destruction of our forest this will increase the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. * With our global population increasing at a rapid rate, we will nee d food to feed this population. Therefore more farms will be needed for the growing of the food, thus more fertilizers being used to grow the crops better. Due to the high use of fertilizers large amounts of nitrous oxide is emitted into the atmosphere adding to the amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. Global Warming This is I caused by man’s intense use of the earth’s resources creating a high above normal greenhouse gas levels. These high levels of greenhouse gases are warming up the earth and depleting our ozone layer. A hole has been formed over Antarctica, which was caused by global warming. This hole is allowing more sunlight to enter the earth’s atmosphere thus melting our polar ice caps and raising our sea levels (the sea is rising at a rate of 3. 33mm per year – NASA). With the warming up of the earth the sea will also be warmed thus creating stronger hurricanes and longer hurricane seasons. Conclusion There is no doubt that the earth in its own natural evolution would have created significant occurrences of climatic change. Thing such as continental drift, volcanoes, the earth’s tilt, the greenhouse effect and ocean currents are all parts of the natural order. We know scientifically that the earths has been around for millions of years and there is no definitive time when these natural causes would have impacted climate change to the point where earth would have deteriorated to a stage similar to the planet Mars. What is clear though is that the impact of man’s lifestyle has negatively affected climate change to the point where the destruction of earth is now in the foreseeable future. Governments of nations around the world, advised by scientist have now embarked on programs to decelerate the speed of climatic change by developing green engineering – which is the design, commercialization, and use of processes and products that are feasible and economical while minimizing the generation of pollution at the source and risk to human health and the environment. Green engineering embraces the concept that decisions to protect human health and the nvironment can have the greatest impact and cost effectiveness when applied early to the design and development phase of a process or product. (United States Environmental Agency) Man must now act to determine the survival of Earth Existence. Bibliography 1Climate InstituteClimate. org 2Causes of Climate ChangePhysical Geography. net 3Global Climate ChangeNational Aeronautics and Space Administration 4Causes of Climate Change 5Geography for ASEditor – Clive Hart 6Geography – An Integrated ApproachDavid Wa ugh How to cite Causes of Climate Change. Is It Nature of Negligence?, Essay examples

Conduct Ecostore Management Curves of Innovation

Question: Describe about the Conduct Ecostore Management for Curves of Innovation. Answer: Introduction Environmental management concept is a positive attempt to control the human interaction and impact with the elements of environment for preserving the important natural recourses. According to Wilson (2015), environmental management solely concentrates on the gradual process of development of the human welfare for both the future and present generation. Various administrative operations of an organisation implement, develop and monitor the relevant policies, rules and regulations of an organisation. The purpose of this report is to analyse the organisational behaviour and HRM practices within Ecostore. This business report will also deal with the international business of the concerned company with proper implication of information technology. At the end of this report, there will be effective recommendations, which may help the management of Ecostore to develop the entire business structure and process in future. Background Ecostore, a renowned company of Australia and New Zealand started its business operation with organic and sustainable gardening practices and ignored toxic chemicals while producing the products (Ecostore.com.au 2016). The major focus of Ecostore involves the priority of their customers and their health first. The owner of this company has started the business in Auckland with a minimum range of baby care and body care products. However, within five to seven years because of popularity, Ecostore has launched its outlets in the supermarkets of New Zealand, Australia and United States. Malcolm Rands, the co-founder of Ecostore, expands the business throughout the world however; the main concentration was always Australia. Sustainability related strategies and issues In order to build a perfect and sustainable brand with relevant and adequate purpose can be a formidable and complex task in todays competitive business world (De Freitas 2015). Ecostore has been succeeded to maintain a fast and constant growth in New Zealand with household cleaning and body care products. Ecostore is successful to maintain a strong kind of sustainable vision since 1993 and with this [potential strategies this company has opened more than 2100 outlets in various cities of Australia. The major focus of Ecostore is to produce eco friendly product and with this policy the company has achieved AU$35 million annual turnover in the industry. The adopted strategies of Ecostore are completely different from the existing and traditional capitalism model of business operation. According to Kennedy et al. (2016), theory of sustainability involves critical forms of society and economy, which is lasting and have enough potential to be judged and evaluated on global scale. The business operation of Ecostore clearly claims global justice in between the existing generations. Theory of sustainability not only discusses a trivial concepts and association in between economic, environmental and social policy. However, it also determines a perfect balance against various competing interests such as economic growth, which is established in short period, relevant questions regarding employing strategies in order to resolve the encountered challenges and the ultimate decision making process of the higher management (Chipps 2013). While the theory of sustainability deals with the constant development of the sustainable communities, which are pervaded with the important rhetoric of social and environmental equity. However, the practices of sustainability within an organis ation still depend upon the outmoded systems and procedure relies upon exploitation and privilege that are masked by significant coded logic of the instrumental rationality (Johnstone and Hooper 2016). Role of organisational behaviour: Ueda and Ueda (2012) have mentioned that organisational behaviour involves a proper and adequate insight and vision towards the effective solution to the several challenges, which are encountered by the organisation in a particular industry. Organisational behaviour helps the management of an organisation to become proactive, flexible in order to execute and enable the business functions of it in global manner. As Ecostore expands its business outside of Australia, therefore, a proper organisational behaviour helps the higher management to maintain and manage the work force diversity, as it has become a global concern. The managers of Ecostore has to deal with the various issues related gender, age and race in order to exercise a perfect control in order to channelize the behaviour and attitude of every employees in the desired direction. Sharma and Sharma (2013) have mentioned that organisational behaviour incorporates insights into the existing skill, talent and knowledge of the em ployee, which the employee can use to make potential team and design the task in short period and systematic manner. Brown (2013) has stated that organisation behaviour also helps the supervisors and quality manager of Ecostore to develop the productivity and quality of the offered products in this era of increased competition. With effective employing of organisational behaviour, the managers empower their employees, as the employees are the main concern and forces to implement the transformation. As the behaviour and attitude of the employees largely influence the customer relationships and satisfaction, therefore, the managers of Ecostore improve the entire organisational performance and customer services with proper incorporation of organisational behaviour. Lukic (2013) has mentioned that organisational behaviour involves a basic process of better management of the business operation with constant improvement of the skills and knowledge of the employees. Organisational behaviour plays a vital role in the entire management process of the business of an organisation. Even organisational behaviou r affects upon the individual, structures of the organisation and the performing team of Ecostore as it involves adequate and relevant knowledge in order to make this company to work in more appropriate manner within the industry than before (Casadesusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Masanell and Zhu 2013). Ecostore has increased the division of labour and specialisation in order to manage both the internal and external environment. Organisational behaviour also helps Ecostore to economise the basic transaction costs of controlling the market and to extent power. However, because of globalisation, Ecostore encountered several challenges and resolved it with proper implication of potential strategies (Ecostore.com.au 2016). Human Resources practices at the company: Human Resources (HR) practices of an organisation determine the size of workforce of a company and its basic priorities. As opined by Parsons (2013), the major focus of HR includes the segmentation of function, geographical location and business unit of organisation. The recent studies have clearly stated that a potential and effective HR of a company can curve out maximum share of the company in a particular industry (Heikkurinen and Bonnedahl 2013). However, here are controversies and arguments regarding this statement; still the impact of HR executives and their actions are articulated with proper implication of strategies. In order to build a fundamental business case, which require a clear and transparent understanding of business function, which the HR serves and the other working relationships with the existing business leaders. HR of Ecostore can help the company to achieve the targeted goal with proper involvement of the business leaders in the entire process of governance a nd planning. This kind of basic involvement ensures the alignment of the overall business function and the opportunities in the competitive market. Goyal et al. (2013) have stated that HR also helps to incorporate a sophisticated workforce analytics and forecasting of their fundamental process with the collection of significant business data, workforce segmentation in order to implement an appropriate HR philosophies within the company. As Ecostore provides chemical free eco-friendly products to its customers in order to reduce and evaluate the fundamental impact of the offered products on the health of the customers, therefore, the HR department has strict observation on the resources of raw materials to the ultimate packaging of the products. Te management and the leaders of Ecostore reflect their motto that their main concern is to serve people with maintaining of their health (Cohen et al. 2013). Each product of Ecostore is scientific proof and if there are any kind of problems arrives because of the ingredients of some products, then the managers and HR take effective measures to resolve the problems in short period as it may hamper the brand image of the company. The HR of Ecostore recruits appropriate staffs for the company, who selects healthier and safer international resources to produce eco- friendly products for the customers. The skincare products of Ecostore are perfect for those, who are suffering fro m any kind of allergies and skin diseases. The HR department of Ecostore minimises the basic administrative works in order to help them to focus on ultimate decision support, leadership improvement, executive coaching process and workforce planning. According to Exter (2013), HR makes an organisation agile and flexible in order to allow core adaptive movements with a strict maintenance of structural model. Role of international business at the company Theory of absolute advantage involves the basic ability of an individual, company ad country to produce some products at cheap price per unit than the price of other products offered by different company. As opined by Pecoraro and Uusitalo (2014), theory of absolute advantage also deals with the determination of simple comparison of various labour productivities, as there is possibility for a party to possess completely no advantages at all. The management of Ecostore strictly follows this particular theory during its business expansion, as according to this theory, there is a rule of no trading process with the other existing and competitive parties in the market. However, Hawkins (2014) has argued that this theory has the potentiality to be compared with the basic concept and ideas of comparative advantage that refer to the ultimate capability of an organisation to produce some products at very low opportunity cost. On the other hand, theory of comparative advantage states the fund amental ability of party helps to manufacture products at low margin as there is opportunity cost of other products. However, in the case of Ecostore, comparative advantage can be attained with a trade deficit as they have to export the products in international level. The packaging strategy of Ecostore captures most of the international market as they effectively use recycled plastic from New Zealands roadside collection. The long-term and potential strategy of recycling helps the company to hold a strong position in the international market. Precautionary approach strategy involves the exclusion of those ingredients, which are toxic for the human usage. Performance excellence strategy helps the management of Ecostore to undertake the efficiency testing process of every offered products to the customers and to select an alternative raw materials if the chosen elements were not safe (Ecostore.com.au 2016). Role of technology: With the constant changes in the demand and criteria of the customers, ecostore also bring changes in their entire business process. The quality management of this company is solely focused on offering something new, innovative ad interesting product to the customers in order to survive in this competitive market. The media strategy of ecostore engages the social media marketing manager, community partnership manager and the videographer, who promotes and advertise the existing and new products in various social media platform such as, Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, blog and official webpage of ecostore. As everyone has social media account in present days, therefore, it is easy for an organisation to capture the attraction of the new generation clients (Leung et al. 2015). With the proper communication strategy, the management of ecostore inspires, informs and enables the relevant shopping guidelines to avoid products, which are made of toxic chemicals. Both of these strategies help t o improve the social media pages and the online content as it provide relevant information to the customers. The campaign strategy of ecostore engages few doctors, skincare experts and the quality managers on order to assure the customers that their offered products are skin friendly and most rusted sustainable brand in Australia. With the conferencing and emailing strategy, ecostore interacts with its loyal customers across the world. However, with proper application of these strategies the market of ecostore increases from 34.24% to 54% in this continuing year with promoting a deeper notion and sense of wellbeing and purpose (Ecostore.com.au 2016). Innovation and entrepreneurship at the company According to Hawkins (2014), innovation stimulates the fundamental process of transformation and with effective innovation; employees can foster techniques and ideas in order to promote change and innovation with the constant development of the employees creativity. Diffusion of innovation theory refers the reason, process and requirements of the completely new concepts and ideas according to the expansion of technologies in this competitive age. Creativity is an important par, which mainly motivates an entrepreneur to start up a completely new business with modern technology, business innovation model, marketing process, customer segmentation and attracting design and structure of the organisation. As opined by Leung et al. (2015), challenges also motivates an entrepreneur as in more of the case, they have tried something, which might be seem as impossible and stupid at the initial stage. The latest trends in the market motivate an entrepreneur to start up a new business. Similarly, the founders of ecostore have started its business with the mineral-based ingredients in 1993, during which it was next to the impossible. With the constant innovation, ecostore reduces the waste with the recycled raw materials and plastics. There are also innovations in the labelling and packaging process of ecostore as the staffs use only water-based adhesive and eco-friendly inks to label every product. Because of environmental innovation in its every step from producing the products to the packaging and labelling, Ecostore enjoys several certifications such as Diamond Enviromark, ISO14001:2004 and carboNZero. All these certification suggests the creativity and innovation of ecostore has been evaluated with relevant legal requirements of Australia in order to establish environmental targets, programs and objectives. Recommendations The management of Ecostore in order to cope up with the social, health and environmental concern adopts all the above-mentioned strategies in order to highlight the basic requirement for potential sustainability practices within an organisation. However, there are few relevant recommendations, which may improve the contribution of ecostore to sustainability. The quality management of Ecostore should design more environmentally friendly, safer and healthier products with the help of ecodesign experts. Ecostore should reflect its corporate commitment towards the gradual climate changes by reducing the environmental footprints of the offered products and the business operations. Ecostore should improve more advanced labelling strategy than before in order to reveal the existing sustainable advantage of the products. Ecostore should ensure the social compliance with proper implication of supply chain management. Conclusion Governments of Australia and New Zealand implement completely new regulations for the organisations while they are busy to incorporate new strategies for developing the products according to the raising expectation of the consumers and stakeholders. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate and assess the existing sustainability practices of Ecostore as it holds the position of leading consultant on the field of sustainability through its unique, interesting and vast global network. All the sustainability strategies are adopted after thorough analysing the particular dependencies and risks in order to make informed decisions. Although Ecostore perfectly maintains its sustainability strategies both in the Australian market and throughout the world, still the provided recommendations may improve the present business operations of the concerned company and may help to retain its position in the specific market. References Brown, R., 2013. Managing the S curves of innovation.Journal of Consumer Marketing. Casadesusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Masanell, R. and Zhu, F., 2013. Business model innovation and competitive imitation: The case of sponsorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based business models.Strategic management journal,34(4), pp.464-482. Chipps, R.S., 2013, December. It's not about the planet-Embracing eco-design, driving competitive advantage. InDesign Management Symposium (TIDMS), 2013 IEEE Tsinghua International(pp. 23-29). IEEE. Cohen, M.J., Brown, H.S. and Vergragt, P. eds., 2013.Innovations in sustainable consumption: New economics, socio-technical transitions and social practices. Edward Elgar Publishing. De Freitas, F.T., 2012.Industrial Design Strategies For Sustainable Development. A Case Study of the Packaging Industry in Singapore(Doctoral dissertation). Ecostore.com.au (2016) Home Page Available at: https://www.ecostore.com.au/ [Accessed on Sep 10, 2016] Ecostore.com.au (2016) Kinder to our planet Available at: https://www.ecostore.com.au/pages/kinder-to-our-planet [Accessed on Sep 10, 2016] Exter, N., 2013.Employee engagement with sustainable business: How to change the world whilst keeping your day job. Routledge. Goyal, P., Rahman, Z. and Kazmi, A.A., 2013. Corporate sustainability performance and firm performance research: literature review and future research agenda.Management Decision,51(2), pp.361-379. Hawkins, J., 2014. Honouring innovation.Renewable Energy Focus,15(3), pp.40-43. Heikkurinen, P. and Bonnedahl, K.J., 2013. Corporate responsibility for sustainable development: a review and conceptual comparison of market-and stakeholder-oriented strategies.Journal of Cleaner Production,43, pp.191-198. Johnstone, M.L. and Hooper, S., 2016. Social influence and green consumption behaviour: a need for greater government involvement.Journal of Marketing Management,32(9-10), pp.827-855. Kennedy, A.M., Kapitan, S. and Soo, S., 2016. Eco-warriors: Shifting sustainable retail strategy via authentic retail brand image.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),24(2), pp.125-134. Leung, Y.M., Morgan, K.J., White, B.J., Ward, J.M. and Chilvers, B.L., 2015. Washing oiled marine birds in New Zealanddo we have a detergent that can be used?.New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,49(2), pp.318-322. Lukic, R., 2013. Sustainable cost management in retail.Revista de Management Comparat International,14(2), p.268. Parsons, A.J., 2013. Building innovativeness in large US corporations.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing. Pecoraro, M. and Uusitalo, O., 2014. Exploring the everyday retail experience: The discourses of style and design.Journal of Consumer Behaviour,13(6), pp.429-441. Sharma, M.N. and Sharma, C.S., 2013. Studying green purchasing intentions through environmental motivation. Ueda, J. and Ueda, M., 2012. Sustainable Technology Research and Demonstration Center for Earth Structures.Sustainability,4(10), pp.2639-2649. Wilson, J.P., 2015. The triple bottom line: Undertaking an economic, social, and environmental retail sustainability strategy.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,43(4/5), pp.432-447.

Ethics in Psychological Research

Introduction There is a significant difference between ethics and law. Most societies develop laws and policies which to enforce moral principles. Actions can be two faceted, legal but unethical or illegal but ethical. For the purpose of interpreting law, ethical principles can be utilized, however in the last century, most of the socialists forced citizens to not follow the law in procession to which they believed as immoral and unethical (Dyer 1995).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics in Psychological Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Protests which are peaceful are a moral way of expressing views against political non justifications. Ethics can also be defined as a discipline that encompasses values, religion, decree, psychology, or sociology. For instance someone who maintains ethical standards is termed as a medical ethicist. Ethics can be defined as a technique, formula, or viewpoint for the pur pose of deciding actions and analyzing difficult problems and matters (Koocher and Keith-Spiegel 1998). Therefore, in view of a difficult matter such as global warming, an individual may take a monetary, environmental, biased, or moral viewpoint on the crisis. On the other hand, an economist will inspect the price and advantages of many policies that are in conjunction to the issue of global warming, whereas an environmental ethicist will consider the values and principles of ethical nature which are at risk (Vendemiati 2004). A History of the Construct of Obedience in Psychology The idea of obedience is rooted in psychology and most of previous literature boasts of the positive impact of obedience in psychological research. The idea was developed in the literature sought in the works of psychologist Theodule Ribot (1891), who asserted that obedience is rooted in the framework of determination, mentioning that â€Å"it is only through the will [that] one man gains an irresistible i nfluence over others† and that â€Å"it is only a strong will that demands obedience† (p. 95). Koocher and Keith-Spiegel (1998), discussed obedience to be a result of implication or hypnosis, and tagged it as automatic obedience. This term was a source to Milgram (1964) acknowledgement of the concept of obedience in this book. Thus, obedience can be seen to have multiple meanings in the filed of psychology and the work of Ribot (1891) and Koocher and Keith-Spiegel (1998) turn out to be the source of Milgram’s definition of obedience that is rooted in the intellectual history of the world of psychology.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Milgram studies obedience in a manner which dominates the current world and clarifies the research on obedience in totality (Banyard 2010). Most researchers agree that the concept could not be simulated today under the circumstances that Milgram engaged in particular the ethical guiding principle now in power. It is significant to distinguish that Milgram’s measures almost certainly did not infringe the study on ethics in the early part of 1960 (Milgram 1964). Baumrind’s (1964) criticized that Milgram should have abandoned his study once he realized the degree of anguish resulting from his research, and certainly if we observe closely she was not wrong about it. But Milgram openly conveyed that the results he sought were not minor results and were of utmost importance, rather shocking (Banyard 2010). It is not easy to consider any research being abandoned even though it has a capacity to create an impact on comprehending the human state, especially when they are believed to have debriefed the methods of dealing with the individual suffering of the subject being studied. The force of Milgram’s studies on obedience was more of an urgent and expressive psychological nature (Banyard 2010). Kimmel (1 998) stated that â€Å"The Milgram experiments ultimately may have less to say about destructive obedience’ than about ineffectual and indecisive disobedience† (p. 103), and this resulted in forcing many research programs to study the negative behaviors and actions rather than the positive ones. After Milgram’s study of obedience, a more stringent code of conduct for carrying out researches was developed by the IRB. This caused a fast shift to studies that had inferior investigational practicality and higher unexciting pragmatism, more and more of which were carried out of the laboratory (Banyard 2010). A History of the Construct of Attachment in Psychology Harry Harlow conducted some renowned researches in the 1950s covering the deprivation of maternal care in rhesus monkeys. These proved to be the milestone not only in primatology, but also in the development of scientific aspects of attachment and loss (Custance 2010). Harlow also treated his human subjects f or the same deprivation and globally compared his experimental findings with concerns to love and growth of affection in human beings simultaneously. These experiments had strong impact on concepts such as separation, attachment, mothers and infants, adoption and childrearing generally (Vendemiati 2004).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics in Psychological Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The observations of Harlow’s experiments concerning bare wire mothers implicated that child love was not an easy retort to the fulfillment of physiological requirements of an individual. Attachment does not only require fulfillment of hunger or thirst in individuals and therefore cannot be concentrated to nursing only (Custance 2010). Modifications in Harlow experiments allowed him to make another observation. He removed the choice of mothers and allowed the infants to remain separated thus dividing them into two different groups. He observed that all rhesus’ consumed same amount of milk and physically developed at the same ratio. However, no similarities were seen after this observation. Soft and tactile teddy cloth mothers were seen to be more preferable than the hard wired mothers. This led him to deduce a hypothesis that emotional and psychological attachment which was not present in the second group was an important feature. This led them to grow at a slow rate or not develop at all (Vendemiati 2004). Later on, his experiments proved that sooner or later, monkeys required some sort of attachment which was necessary for their growth. Permanent damage was seen in monkeys which were deprived and kept in isolation for a couple of months (Kimmel 1998). This deprivation was subjected to human beings and was seen to have lasted for over six months before signs of any damage were seen, whereas in monkeys this deprivation lasted for no more than 90 days before permanent damage could be seen (Custance 2010). Other researchers who carried out research on attachment such as Mary Ainsworth also concluded that comfort and security were elements required for any infant to grow properly. Harlow’s experiments were a vital proof of the fact that love and affection are the foundations of growth and development and deprivation can only lead to devastation sooner or later and sometimes can even lead to death (Kimmel 1998). Harlow’s work was a great influence on researches led by Bowlby and Ainsworth, who further helped develop proper ethical guidelines for services such as â€Å"orphanages, adoption agencies, social services groups and child care providers who approached utter care of children† (Dyer 1995). A History of the Construct of Memory in Psychology The earlier period of eyewitness memory research has been distinguished by dispute and a development of process (Koocher and Keith-Spiegel 1998). During the past number of years, the argument over t he environmental soundness of the research has taken a greater focus, as was evident in the early researches in the same century.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The present account of this argument centers on the association among the memory as it functions in labs and other various other contexts of memory (Baumrind 1964). Some have disputed that remembrance and memory is best researched and analyzed in a laboratory environment where utmost power and accuracy are likely. Although there are many issues related to this dispute, one evident issue is the incapability to create various conditions in the laboratory. For instance, for the sake of evident ethical reasoning, powerful poignant reactions or great levels of distress cannot be stimulated in laboratories. Researchers covering the association among emotions stress and memory must, do so outside the lab environment in places where reactions can be evident (Dyer 1995). When it comes to psychology, researching cognition is similar to dealing with experiences and facts, which can include insight, concentration, remembrance, philosophy and speech that are not evident and do not become part of experimental observations directly (Ribot 1891). The association among loss of psychological function and deterioration of any part of the brain is unswervingly and exclusively accountable for performing that function (Pike and Brace 2010). Only with the advent of latest techniques such as brain imaging and so on, has it been likely to achieve a more precise understanding of the multifaceted character of the association between the brain and cognition (Vendemiati 2004). Memory is deficient. That is why we usually tend not to see things which are accurate firstly. However, even if we try to retain a reasonable amount of information coming from an experience, it does not mandatorily retain in our memory tactfully (Vendemiati 2004). The best example of this can be at our workplace. With the passage of time, and with proper willingness to do something we learn to perform a certain task. However, there are distorting elements that allow us to forget the facts and undergo a certain loss of memory. Even in the majority gifted among us is memory thus impressionable (Pike and Brace 2010). Conclusion Most of the dissimilar orders, establishments, and vocations have various rules for performance that ensemble their meticulous aims and objectives. These usually help members of the restraint to synchronize their proceedings or actions and to set up the public’s conviction of the authority. For example, ethical norms rule behavior in fields of law, business, management and engineering. Above all they are seen to play an important role in the field of medicine. Ethical norms also act as research objectives and relate to people who perform methodical exploration of academic or imaginative actions. List of References Banyard, P., 2010. Just following orders? In Brace, N. and Byford, J. Discovering Psychology. Milton Keynes, The Open University. Ch. 2. Baumrind, D., 1964. Some Thoughts on Ethics of Research: After Reading Milgram’s, Behavioral Study of Obedience. American Psychologist, 19(6), pp.421-23. Brace, N. and Byford, J., 2010. Discovering Psychology. Milton Keynes, The Open University. Custance, D., 2010. Determined to Love? In Brace, N. and Byford, J. Discovering Psychology. Milton Keynes, The Open University. Ch. 5. Dyer, C., 1995. Beginning research in Psychology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Kimmel, A.J.a.P.E., 1998. Ethics and values in appled social research. In Nunn, J. Laboratory Psychology. East Sussexx: Psychology Press Ltd. Koocher, G.P. and Keith-Spiegel, P., 1998. Ethics in Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. Milgram, S., 1964. Issues in the study of obedience: A reply to Baumrind. American Psychologist, 19, p.848–852. Pike, G. and Brace, N., 2010. Wtinessing and Remembering. In Brace, N. and Byford, J. Discovering Psychology. Milton Keynes, The Open University. Ch. 9. Ribot, T., 1891. Heredity: A psychological study of its phenomena, laws, causes, and consequences. New York, NY: D Appleton and Co mpany. Vendemiati, A., 2004. In the First Person, An Outline of General Ethics. Rome: Urbaniana University Press. This essay on Ethics in Psychological Research was written and submitted by user Paityn Cantu to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Evaluate training and development methods that may assist organisations in meeting their strategic objectives essay

Evaluate training and development methods that may assist organisations in meeting their strategic objectives essay Evaluate training and development methods that may assist organisations in meeting their strategic objectives essay Evaluate training and development methods that may assist organisations in meeting their strategic objectives essayIn the contemporary business environment, training and development play an important part because they become the major drivers of the organisational development. More important, today, training and development are essential for the survival of organisations in the highly competitive business environment because knowledge and learning play the key part in determining the competitive position of organisations. As a result, many organisations invest into their training and development, while the concept of the learning organisation becomes more and more popular today. At the same time, the development of the training process raises the problem of the development of effective methods and strategies of training, the correlation between actual needs of organisations and the training and development process, and many other issues. In actuality, there are different views on the training and development process but there is no homogeneous approach to training and development and each organisation tends to develop its own training and development methods and strategies. Training and development is a complex process that may involve the application of different methods the choice of which depends on the specificity of the organisation, its human resources, marketing goals and objectives, and resources available to the organisation.The training and development process normally includes several key stages. The first stage is reviewing and consultation which aim at the revelation of current training needs of the organisation and the development of the further training strategy respectively to the training objectives of the organisation. Reviewing and consultation allows determining urgent needs of the organisation on the ground of which the organisation can develop its training methods and strategies. Such reviewing and consultation helps to identify weak point s in the organisational development and training and eliminate existing weaknesses or drawbacks.The second stage of the training and development process is questioning that involves the analysis of possible alternatives to the behaviour, skills and functions required from employees that are going to be involved in the training process. The next stage of the training and development process is agreeing. This stage involves the close interaction of the manager responsible for the training and development of human resources with colleagues and employees of the organisation to receive feedback from them concerning current needs of employees and the organisation at large. Furthermore, the following stage is modelling, which implies the analysis of the available models and methods of learning and training that can be applied to the particular organisation (Reid 2007: 138). The next stage of the training and development process is negotiation, which involves the agreement of key points of the training and development model introduced in the organisation with all key stakeholders, such as employees, managers, coaches, and others. The final stage of the training and development process is the implementation of the developed plan and respective method of training.Furthermore, training methods should focus on three levels which meet respective training needs of organisations: organisational level; department level and individual level. Â  At each level, the training relies heavily on human resources, who are involved directly in the training and development process. However, the scope of the training and development differs depending on the level. For instance, at the individual level, an employee develops specific skills required for his/her position and specific tasks and functions the employee performs on the regular basis. At the department level, employees should focus on the training and development to work as a team within their department to optimize and enhance the performance of the department that means the improvement of their interaction within the department and better communication within the department. At the organisational level, employees have to focus on the training and development that help them to develop their strategic thinking to understand the vision and mission of their organisation and develop required skills and focus their performance to reach strategic goals of the organisation through their individual performance.Training and development policies conducted by organisations may differ consistently. Organisations can use training and development policies oriented on the continuous professional development that means that employees keep developing new skills and improving existing ones in the course of their career all the time. In this regard, the life-long learning the preferable scheme for many organisations as well as employees because such learning and training of employees involves the improvement and developmen t of professional skills of employees during their life time. Therefore, employees always keep progressing. Such life-long training and development requires a lot of efforts from the part of organisations but such approach is highly beneficial in a long-run perspective. If the organisation manages to retain the personnel and prevent high turn-over rates, the organisation can enhance its competitive position due to the steady rise of the qualification level of its employees, the improvement of their performance and, therefore, the growth of the customer satisfaction.However, a substantial drawback of the lifetime learning is the high costs of such training policy and different learning skills and abilities of individuals at the different age. For instance, younger employees are more successful in learning than older ones that means that training will be more effective for young employees than older ones. The high costs of this approach to the training and development process may be a ggravated by the risk of the high turn-over rate among employees of organisations that actually makes such strategy useless because well-trained and highly qualified employees will just abandon their organisations and transfer to other organisations.In addition, there is vocational education training which focuses on the specific training for specific professionals working in their organisation for the development of the required professional skills and abilities. Vocational education training is efficient for the training of required professionals to fill the particular positions in the organisation. At the same time, this approach is not always efficient, if organisations need to have universal employees that can perform multiple functions, although vocational training admits the possibility of training employees for specific jobs but such training needs time and costs.Moreover, it is worth mentioning the induction training which implies the development of job-specific competences and skills, for instance IT training. This approach to the training and development is quite controversial. On the one hand, this approach allows training employees, who are well-qualified and trained to perform their specific functions perfectly. On the other hand, such approach to the training and development process limits functionality of employees and prevents organisations from employing and training professionals, who can perform different functions and take different positions. The narrow specialisation of training becomes unpopular today because the fast progress of technology, fast change of the business environment and other changes require organisations to train and develop universal employees, who can perform tasks that they face at the moment, regardless of their initial specialisation.Evaluate training and development methods that may assist organisations in meeting their strategic objectives essay part 2

Week 5 individual assignment #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Week 5 individual assignment #2 - Essay Example I is the interest rate per year divided by 12 and P is the rpicncipal amount. After calculation the amount paid per month amount to 709.9866, we therefore sumarise the two month amortization period as follows: Secured short term credit is a form of borrowing whereby an individual has to pledge an asset to secure the loan and if the amount is not paid bvack then the asset can be sold in order to recover the debt owned. For the unsecured short term credit the borrower does not pledge any property in order to acquire a loan. if the comp[any decides to pay off its notes payable and issue a $12,000 in long term debts then the current liabilities will reduce by 12,000 while the long term liabilities will increase by 12,000. Net income was $5,500. The company has improved on its liquidity through an increase in the working capital, however the profitability of the company has declined and this is evident from the decline in the return on total assets. Given that the selling price of one rod is $132, variable cost is $80, average fixed cost is $90,000 we can determine the break even point, the break even point is the point where the cost is equal to the revenue, we state the cost and revenue function as

Case Study-Based Assignment Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

-Based Assignment - Case Study Example On general physical examination, Bukowskii had increased respiratory rate (22 breaths per minute), deep and laboured breathing and saturations of 89 percent on oxygen of 6L per minute. Respiratory system examination revealed intercostal muscle recession on inspection and diminished air entry to both bases and crepitations in the right base on auscultation. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed PaO2 less than 60mmHg (58mmHg) and PaCO2 more than 50 mmHg (54mmHg) with pH of 7.3. These are the four pieces of evidence pointing towards acute respiratory failure. Respiratory failure may be acute or chronic. In case of Bukowski, the respiratory failure is acute and this is indicated by the drastic change in the acid-base status (pH= 7.3). The cause of respiratory failure in him is the right lower lobe collapse-consolidation secondary to pneumonia. Lower respiratory tract infection is known as pneumonia. The pathology lies in the parenchyma of the lungs which consist of alveolar sacs. There are several causes to pneumonia, the most common of which is bacterial (Stephen, 2009). Bacterial pneumonia can be community acquired or hospital acquired. In case of Bukowski, the pneumonia is hospital acquired. The most common respiratory failure is acute hypoxemic respiratory failure or type-1 which is seen in pneumonia. In acute respiratory failure, the pH is less than 7.3 (Nettina, 2009) as in Bukowski. Decreased oxygen saturation: Acute respiratory failure occurs when the body is unable to maintain gas exchage at a rate on par with the demands of the body like in paneumonia. The damage to lung parenchyma in pneumonia results in release of inflammatory mediators and fluids because of which intrapulmonary shunting, ventilation-perfusion mismatching, hypoventilation and diffusion defects occur (Stephen, 2009). All these eventually lead to hypoxemia which is evident in the blood gas analysis of Bukowski (Ranjit, 2001). In ventilation-perfusion mismatch, areas which have lower ventilation as against perfusion contribute to hypoxemia. Intrapulmonary shunt causes deoxygenated blood to bypass ventilation in the alveoli resulting in venous admixture of blood (Roussos and Koutsoukou, 2003). Both these mechanisms cause a widening in the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference. The normal difference is less than 15mmHg and when the difference exceeds this value, respiratory failure ensues (Kaynar and Sharma, 2009). The hypoxemia causes increased work of breathing resulting in respiratory fatigue. Respiratory fatigue and reduced alveolar ventilation in turn cause hypercarbia (Roussos and Koutsoukou, 2003).Thus, Bukowski developed hospital-aquired pneumonia because of which adequate gas exchange commensurate with the needs of the body was not met, resulting in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Elevated respiratory rate and work of breathing: Increased respiratory rate and accessory muscle usage are indicators of increased work of breathing (Stephen, 2009), secondary to decreased oxygen in the blood. Respiratory acidosis: The hypoxemia causes increased work of breathing resulting in respiratory fatigue. Respiratory fatigue and reduced alveolar ventilation inturn causes hypercarbia (Roussos and Koutsoukou, 2003). Auscultation: Pneumonia occurs secondary to immune and inflammatory response secondary to bacteria. Due to this, fluid and pus accumulate in the airspaces. This is h eard as crepitations on auscultation.